Every 3-6 mo. I have been tossing the bag. It's easy to look and assess which I'll do periodically. I have found that the suction is good until the bag is full. For instance, one time I noticed the suction was down and the bag was full to the hole. Since then I check here and there. Only exception to this is when I wind up doing drywall sanding work. That seems to clog up the bag and filter before they otherwise would need replacement. Yes,they have a separate machine for that but I don't do enough drywall sanding to justify the extra machine.